The register · sources, hung in order
PT-141 references: every cited claim, traced to source.
The peer-reviewed studies, the FDA label, the reviews, and the re-analyses behind the cited layer of this site. The field reports carry no entry here — by design.
About this register
Every quantitative claim in the cited layer of this site maps to an entry below. The list runs from the foundational 2003 pharmacology through the RECONNECT Phase 3 trials and their 52-week extension, the MC4R fMRI mechanism study, the FDA/DailyMed label, the patient-experience analysis, the reviews, and the independent re-analyses that qualified the effect size. The hot-pink field reports elsewhere on this site deliberately carry no citation — they are unverified community experience, not part of this register. Where a paper is paywalled, the PubMed or DOI link resolves to its abstract and identifiers.
How to read this list against the site
The register is deliberately mixed, and the mix matters. Peer-reviewed primary trials (the two RECONNECT Phase 3 papers and the 52-week extension) and the FDA structured product label carry the heaviest weight and back the dose, efficacy, and safety figures. The fMRI and animal studies support the mechanism claims. The conference abstracts — the arousal-and-orgasm report, the off-label male-use report, the three-way comparison — are early-stage signals presented at meetings, and we cite them as exactly that, not as settled conclusions. The two Spielmans re-analyses are the critical counterweight, included on purpose so the effect size is never read uncritically.
A 2023 Expression of Concern attached to a 2008 erectile-dysfunction salvage study is the reason that older male-use paper is treated as disputed and is not used to support any claim on this site. When a finding sits on a single abstract, we say so in the text; when it sits on a pivotal RCT, we say that too. Read the tier, not just the number.
The label deserves a special note. The FDA structured product label is not a study in the usual sense — it is the regulator's synthesised, authoritative statement of dose, pharmacokinetics, contraindications, and warnings, distilled from the full development program. When this site cites the label for the 1.75 mg figure, the ~2.7-hour half-life, the transient blood-pressure warning, or the hyperpigmentation note, it is citing the document that carries legal weight on those points, which is why several of the most consequential claims here resolve to it rather than to a single journal article [6]. Where the label and a primary trial both speak to a figure, we lean on the label for the regulatory facts and the trial for the measured endpoints.
- Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:96-102. ↗
- Pfaus J, Shadiack A, Van Soest T, Tse M, Molinoff P. Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:10201-10204. ↗
- Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA. Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):899-908. ↗
- Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Clayton AH. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):909-917. ↗
- Thurston L, Hunjan T, Mills EG, Wall MB, Ertl N, Phylactou M, et al. Melanocortin 4 receptor agonism enhances sexual brain processing in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Clin Invest. 2022;132(19):e152341. ↗
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration / DailyMed. Bremelanotide Injection — US Prescribing Information. 2019. ↗
- Koochaki P, Revicki D, Wilson H, Pokrzywinski R, Jordan R, Lucas J, Williams LA. The Patient Experience of Premenopausal Women Treated with Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2021;30(4):587-595. ↗
- Spielmans GI. Re-Analyzing Phase III Bremelanotide Trials for "Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder" in Women. J Sex Res. 2021;58(9):1085-1105. ↗
- Spielmans GI. Small Effects, Questionable Outcomes: Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. J Sex Res. 2024;61(4):540-561. ↗
- Borland JM, Kohut-Jackson AL, Peyla AC, Hall MA, Mermelstein PG, Meisel RL. Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Neuropharmacology. 2025;267:110299. ↗
- Goldstein I, et al. (122) Positive Effects of Bremelanotide on Female Sexual Arousal and Orgasm in Premenopausal Women. J Sex Med. 2025;22(Suppl 1):qdaf068.108. ↗
- Goldstein I, et al. (227) Use of the CNS Agent Bremelanotide in Men with Sexual Dysfunction: Results from a Sexual Medicine Clinic. J Sex Med. 2024;21(Suppl 1):qdae001.217. ↗
- Edinoff AN, Sanders NM, Lewis KB, Apgar TL, Cornett EM, Kaye AM, Kaye AD. Bremelanotide for Treatment of Female Hypoactive Sexual Desire. Neurol Int. 2022;14(1):75-88. ↗
- How A, Simon JA. Novel Pharmacologic Treatments of Female Sexual Dysfunction. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2025;68(1):10-14. ↗
- Vereecken S, et al. (396) Comparative Analysis of Flibanserin, Bremelanotide, and Testosterone Therapy for Female Sexual Dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2025;22(Suppl 4):qdaf320.390. ↗